The Saini of India Who are they? The Saini is a community of traditional agriculturists and horticulturists distributed across the states of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Punjab and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. According to the ethnologist Ibbetson (Punjab Castes: Races, Castes and Tribes of the People of Punjab, 1916), the Saini appears to be a subdivision of the Mali (gardener). In fact the Saini people are also referred to as Mali in many of the regions in which they live. Origins The legends regarding the origins of the Saini community vary from state to state. However, they all have in common the claim that they are descendants of the legendary king Maharaja Shoorsain (or Sursain) and hence the name Saini which they retain as their surname. Shoorsain was a Rajput (the second highest warrior class of rulers) so the Saini invariably claim to be Rajput in the traditional, four-fold Hindu caste system. Languages The Saini people speak the languages of the states they live in. In Haryana they speak a dialect of Haryanvi with an influence of the Marwari language; in Rajasthan they speak local dialects like Mewati or Braj. They use the Devanagari script to write the above languages. In Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Chandigarh and Delhi, Punjabi is their first language and the Gurumukhi script is used. They are also conversant in Hindi and some speak Urdu. What Are Their Lives Like? The traditional and primary occupation of this people group is crop farming. Animal husbandry also forms a prominent part of their livelihood. In states like Delhi, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh the Saini people are gardeners. Some are very good at ikebana and flower decoration and make elaborate garlands. The majority owns their own land, except in Haryana where many lease their land for cultivation. However, with an increase in education, and ever-diminishing landholdings due to population pressures, the Saini people have gradually diversified into trade (especially into grocery items and shops), small-scale manufacturing of plastic and electrical goods as well as salaried jobs in the government and private sectors. Today there are many professionals among the Saini – some are well known scientists, professors and defense personnel. Nek Chand, creator of the rock garden in Chandigarh is a Saini. They are active in local and regional politics, and political leadership has emerged at the regional and national levels. The literacy rate is quite high among the Saini. Many Saini children, both girls and boys study to tertiary level. The community has even opened several educational institutions on its own. Modern medicine and family planning measures are now accepted by the Saini, although they make use of indigenous medicines as well. Government development programmes and self-employment schemes have had a significant impact in bettering their lives. The Saini have embraced every innovation offered in farming techniques, and use a variety of irrigation means, improved seeds, organic manure, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides to improve their crop yields. They have also seen the benefits of personal savings and loans from banks and cooperatives for development. They also make good use of media and communication, electricity, drinking water and the Public Distribution System (PDS) for essential commodities provided by the government. Customs The Saini are endogamous at the community and subgroup level – that is, they only marry within those social boundaries. They do, however, marry between clans and often between villages. In states like Delhi and Haryana they avoid marriages in three gotras, namely, that of their father, mother and paternal grandmother. In Haryana the Saini have two subgroups: the Deshwale and the Bagri, with the former claiming to be the original residents of the area and the latter being migrants, mainly, from Rajasthan and also claiming a higher status. There are eleven important clans among them. There are two main social divisions among the Saini of Chandigarh based on religion: the Hindu Saini and the Sikh Saini. They are further divided into a number of clans. In Rajasthan the Saini community is comprised of more than fifty clans, while in Himachal Pradesh, where the Hindu and Sikh Saini are the two divisions, there are clans such as Badwal, Chere, Ghugani, Masute, Mehta and Tambar. In Delhi there are various clans, based on territorial and social levels. Child marriage and marriage by exchange were practiced in earlier times but adult marriage, settled by negotiation, is the norm among the Saini. Monogamy is practiced though polygamy, with the first wife’s consent, is allowed in case she is childless. Dowry is paid in cash and kind. Divorce is rare, but permitted. Widow, widower and divorcee remarriages are socially approved of and junior sororate and junior levirate are practiced. Among the Saini both nuclear and joint families exist. Inheritance is patrilineal; ancestral property is inherited through the male line only and all the sons get equal shares, with the eldest succeeding to the late father’s authority. The main duties of Saini women are household chores, but they also help by working on their family farms, animal husbandry, collection of fuel and other menial chores. However, the Bagri Saini women of Haryana are allowed to work as labourers in the fields of other local farms for extra family income. In some regions like Rajasthan they classify the flowers and clean them to make garlands. Educated women work in government and private organizations. Additionally, the Saini women have specific roles in ritual, religious and social spheres. Generally, only women participate in singing folksongs and dancing for community festivities. They also do wall and floor paintings on certain social and religious occasions. Some women also tattoo their bodies. The Saini community has its own local, regional and national level assemblies that look after the interests and welfare of the people. The Assemblies also exist to settle family and land disputes, cases of divorce, remarriage and adultery. There is a state level Haryana Saini Sabha located in Chandigarh and a Delhi-Haryana Saini Sabha in Delhi. In Rajasthan similar local community councils are presided over by a hereditary headman known as Patel. They also have a national level organization called located at Delhi which was established in 1920. The All-India Saini Rajput Mahasabha and the Saini Housing Cooperative Society are headquartered at Delhi. The Saini Rajput Mahasabha was established in 1920. The office bearers of both these bodies are elected by a voice vote. The latter body provides loans to community members for housing construction. Saini Sabhas also exist in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh, while in Chandigarh the Biradari (kin group) system similarly prevails to exert social control and to look after welfare. What are Their Beliefs? The majority of the Saini is Hindu and all the major gods and goddesses of Hinduism are worshipped. The remainder is Sikh. There is a belief in evil spirits and good and bad omens, and exorcism. Like other Hindus the Saini celebrate festivals like Diwali (festival of lamps), Holi (festival of colours), Dussehra (festival celebrating Rama’s killing of the demon king Ravana), Janamashtami (Krishna’s birthday) and Ramanavmi (Rama’s birthday). They especially observe Shoorsain Jayanti (Birthday of king Shoorsain) on 22nd December every year. Ancestor worship is prevalent and each year in the Hindu calendar months of Bhadva-Ashvina (September- October) a feast called shradh is given in the memory of the dead. They utilize the services of a Brahmin priest to perform their lifecycle rituals.. The dead are cremated and the ashes disposed off in a river, preferably the Ganges at Haridwar. The Sikh Saini reveres their holy scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib, containing the teachings of their ten Gurus. They celebrate all Sikh festivals like Guru Nanak’s birthday, Guru Gobind Singh’s birthday, Baisakhi (a harvest festival) and Lohri. Some have joined sects like the Arya Samaj, Radhasoami and Nirankari.

सैनी समाज का इतिहास किसी भी जाती, वंश एव कुल परम्परा के विषय मे जानकारी के लिये पूर्व इतिहास एव पूर्वजो का ज्ञान होना अति आवश्यक है| इसलिए सैनी जाती के गोरव्पूर्ण पुरुषो के विषय मे जानकारी हेतु महाभारत काल के पूर्व इतिहास पर द्रष्टि डालना अति आवश्यक है| आज से ५१०६ वर्ष पूर्व द्वापरकाल के अन्तिम चरण मे य्द्र्वंश मे सचिदानंद घन स्वय परमात्मा भगवान् श्रीकृषण क्षत्रिय कुल मे पैदा हुए और युग पुरुष कहलाये| महाभारत कई युध्दोप्रांत यदुवंश समाप्त प्राय हो गया था| परन्तु इसी कुल मई महाराज सैनी जिन्हे शुरसैनी पुकारते है| जो रजा व्रशनी के पुत्र दैव्मैघ के पुत्र तथा वासुदेव के पिता भगवन श्रीकिशन के दादा थे| इन्ही महाराज व्रशनी के छोटे पुत्र अनामित्र के महाराज सिनी हुये, इस प्रकार महाराज शुरसैनी तथा सिनी दोनों काका ताऊ भाई थे| इन्ही दोनों महापुरुषों के वंशज हम लोग सैनी क्षत्रिय कहलाये| कालांतर मई वृशनी कुल का उच्चारण सी वृ अक्षर का लोप हो गया और षैणी शब्द उच्चारित होने लगा जो आज भी उतरी भारत के पंजाब एव हरियाणा प्रांतो मे सैनी शब्द के एवज मे अनपढ़ जातीय बंधू षैणी शब्द ही बोलते है, और इसी सिनी महाराज के वंश परम्परा के अपने जातीय बह्धू सिनी शब्द के स्थान पर सैनी शब्द का उच्चारण करने लगे है| जो सर्वथा उचित और उत्तम है| कालांतर मे वृशनि गणराज्य संगठित नहीं रहा और भिन्न भिन्न कबीलों मे विभाजित होकर बिखर गया| किसी भी भू भाग पर इसका एकछत्र राज्य नहीं रहा किन्तु इतिहास इस बात का साक्षी है| की सैनी समाज के पूर्वज क्षत्रिय वंश एव कुल परम्परा मे अग्रणी रहे है|महाभारत काल के बाद सैनी कुल के अन्तिम चक्रवर्ती सम्राट वीर विक्रेमादित्य हुए है जिन्हे नाम पर आज भी विक्रम सम्वत प्रचलित है| इससे यह स्पष्ट है की सैनी जाती का इतिहास कितना गोरवपूर्ण रहा है| यह जानकर सुखद अनुभूति होती है की हमारे पूर्वज कितने वैभवशाली वीर अजातशत्रु थे| भारत राष्ट्र संगठित न रहने पर परकीय विदेशी शासको की कुद्रष्टि का शिकार हुआ तथा कुछ शक्तिशाली कबीलों ने भारत को लुटने हेतु कई प्रकार के आक्रमण शुरू कर दिये, यूनान देश के शासक सिकंदर ने प्रथम आक्रमण किया किन्तु पराजित होकर अपने देश यूनान वापस लोट गया| इसके बाद अरब देशो के कबीलों ने भारत पर आक्रमण कर लूटपाट शुरू कर दी और भारत पर मुस्लिम राज्य स्थापित कर कई वर्षो तक शासन किया| इसके बाद यूरोप देश के अग्रेज बडे चालाक चतुर छलकपट से भारत पर काबिज हो गये| अन्ग्रजो ने भारत के पुराने इतिहास का अध्यन करने यहा के पूर्व शासको एव जातियों के इतिहास की जानकारी हेतु कई इतिहासकारों को भारत की भिन्न प्रांतो मे इतिहास संकलन हेतु नियुक्त किया | एक प्रसिध्द अंग्रेज इतिहासकार 'परजिटर' ने भारत की पोरानिक ग्रंथो के आधार पर अपने वृशनी वंश का वृक्ष बिज तैयार किया जिसका भारत के प्रसिध्द इतिहासकार डा.'ए.डी.पुत्स्लकर ' एम.ए.,पी एच डी ने भी इस मत का प्रतिपादन किया है| वृशनी (सैनी) जाती के महाराज वृशनी के बाबत अग्रेजी मे लिखा " Vrishanis youngest son Anamitra have a son and their desiendents were called " Saiyas "(See Anicient Indian Hostorical Traditio 1922 page 104-105-105)" महाराज वृश्निजी के चोटी पुत्र अनामित्र के महाराज सीनी हुये इसी सिन्नी शब्द का पर्यायवाची शब्द 'सैनी' हुआ जिनकी वंशज कहलाते है| (देखे भारत के प्राचीन इतिहास के संकलन मे सं १९२२ मे पेज नं. १०४ सी १०६ तक )| इस प्रकार भारत के प्राचीन ग्रंथ इतिहास पुरान तथा महाभारत के अनुशासन पर्व मे भी महाराज सैनी के सम्बन्ध मे उल्लेख मिलता है| १. वायु पुराण अध्याय ३७ शुरसैनी महाराजर्थी एक गुनोतम तथा श्लोक १२९ जितेन्द्रिय सत्यवादी प्रजा पालक तत्पर : २. महाभारत अनुशासन पर्व अध्याय १४९ 'सदगति स्तक्रती संता सदगति सत्य न्याय परायण' तथा श्लोक ८८ मे शुर सैनी युद्ध स्न्निवास सुयामन: महाराज शुरसैनी चन्द्रवंशी सम्राट थे इनका राज्य प्राचीनकाल की हस्तिनापुर (वर्मन दिल्ली क्षेत्र पंजाब तथा मथुरा वृदावन उतर प्रदेश) मे फैला हुआ था|इसका वर्णन चाणक्य श्रिषी ने चन्द्रगुप्त मोर्य के शासनकाल मे २५० वर्ष पूर्व था उसका वर्णन कोटील्य अर्थशास्त्र मे किया है की यदुवंश (षैनी) राज्य एव सूर्यवंशी गणराज्य बिखर चुकाई थे| इन राजपरिवारो के कुछ शासको ने बोद्ध धर्म ग्रहण कर लिया कुछ एक ने जीविकोपार्जन के लिय कृषि को अपना लिया| यूनान के सिकंदर के साथ जो यूनानी इतिहासकार भारत मे आये थे| उन्होने इतिहास संकलन करते समय यदुवंशी तथा सैनी राजाओ मे उच्च कोटी की वीरता और क्षोर्य के साथ साथ उन्हे अच्छ कृषक भी बताया तथा कोटीलय के अर्थक्षास्त्र मे उल्लेख मिला है की क्षत्रियो मे वैक्ष्य वृति (व्यापर ) करने वाले बुद्धिजीवी भी थे| रामायण काल के रजा जनक कहती है की हल चलते samay सीता मिली इस कथा का भाव कुछ भी हो यह घटना इस तथ्य को प्रतिपादित करती है की रामायण काल के रजा भी खैतिबादो करती थे| प्रसिद्ध साहित्यकार कक्शिप्रसाद जायसवाल तथा अंग्रेज इतिहासकार कर्नल ताड़ जिसने राजस्थान की जातियों का इतिहास लिखा है ने क्षुर्सैनी वंश को कई एक ग्न्राज्यो मे बटा हुआ माना है| इन इतिहासकारों के अलावा चिन देश के इतिहासकार 'मैग्स्थ्निज' ने काफी वर्षो तक भारत मे रहकर यह कई जातियों कई भ्लिभाती जाच कर सैनी गणराज्यों के बाबत इतिहास मे उल्लेख किया है| इन आर्य शासको का राज्य अर्याव्रता तथा यूरोप के एनी नगरों तक था| महाभारत कई मासा प्रष्ठ १४९-१५० और वत्स पुराण अध्याय ४३ शलोक ४५ से यह पता चलता है कई शुरसैनी प्रदेश मे रहने वाले शुरसैनी लोग मालवे (मध्य प्रदेश) मे जाकर मालव अर्थात माली नाम से पहचाने जाने लगे| कालान्तर मे इन्ही मालवो मे चक्रवर्ती सम्राट वीर विक्रमादित्य हुये जिनके नाम से विक्रम सम्वत चालू हुआ| यह सम्वत छटी शताब्दी से पहले माली सम्वत के नाम से प्रसिद्ध था| मालव का अपन्भ्रस मालव हुआ जो बाद मे माली हो गया| ऐसा मत कई इतिहासकार मानते है| संकलन करते समय यदुवंशी तथा सैनी राजाओ मे उच्च कोटी की वीरता और क्षोर्य के साथ साथ उन्हे अच्छ कृषक भी बताया तथा कोटीलय के अर्थक्षास्त्र मे उल्लेख मिला है की क्षत्रियो मे वैक्ष्य वृति (व्यापर ) करने वाले बुद्धिजीवी भी थे| रामायण काल के रजा जनक कहती है की हल चलते samay सीता मिली इस कथा का भाव कुछ भी हो यह घटना इस तथ्य को प्रतिपादित करती है की रामायण काल के रजा भी खैतिबादो करती थे| प्रसिद्ध साहित्यकार कक्शिप्रसाद जायसवाल तथा अंग्रेज इतिहासकार कर्नल ताड़ जिसने राजस्थान की जातियों का इतिहास लिखा है ने क्षुर्सैनी वंश को कई एक ग्न्राज्यो मे बटा हुआ माना है| इन इतिहासकारों के अलावा चिन देश के इतिहासकार 'मैग्स्थ्निज' ने काफी वर्षो तक भारत मे रहकर यह कई जातियों कई भ्लिभाती जाच कर सैनी गणराज्यों के बाबत इतिहास मे उल्लेख किया है| इन आर्य शासको का राज्य अर्याव्रता तथा यूरोप के एनी नगरों तक था| महाभारत कई मासा प्रष्ठ १४९-१५० और वत्स पुराण अध्याय ४३ शलोक ४५ से यह पता चलता है कई शुरसैनी प्रदेश मे रहने वाले शुरसैनी लोग मालवे (मध्य प्रदेश) मे जाकर मालव अर्थात माली नाम से पहचाने जाने लगे| कालान्तर मे इन्ही मालवो मे चक्रवर्ती सम्राट वीर विक्रमादित्य हुये जिनके नाम से विक्रम सम्वत चालू हुआ| यह सम्वत छटी शताब्दी से पहले माली सम्वत के नाम से प्रसिद्ध था| मालव का अपन्भ्रस मालव हुआ जो बाद मे माली हो गया| ऐसा मत कई इतिहासकार मानते है| अब भी पैक्षावर मे खटकु सैनी पायी जाते है| तथा स्यालकोट सन १९४७ से डोगर सैनियो से भरा हुआ पड़ा था, सैनी शब्द के विवेचन से सैनी समाज के अपने लोगो को भली भाती ज्ञान चाहिये कई हमारा सैनी समाज सम्वत १२५७ के पर्व महाराज पृथ्वीराज चोहान भारत मे कितने वैभवशाली एव गोरवपूर्ण थे, अरब देश के लुटेरे मोहम्मद गोरी जो सम्राट पृथ्वीराज के भाई जयचंद को प्रलोभन देकर पृथ्वीराज को खत्म कराकर दिल्ली का शासक बन बैठा| इसकी पक्ष्चात भारत पर लगातार मुस्लिम आक्रताओ ने हमले कर बहरत के तत्कालीन शासको को गुलाम बना लिया| इसी समय से क्षत्रिय वीर भारत के किसी भी प्रान्त मे संगठित नही रहे| क्षत्रिय वीर अलग अलग रियासतो मे मुगलों से विधर्मियों से मिलकर अपनी बहिन बिटिया मुगलों को देने लगा गये| इससे राजस्थान के राजघराने के राजा अग्रणी रहे सिवाय मेवाड़ के म्हाराजाओ के| अन्य क्षत्रिय सरदार जो रियासतो के शासक नही थे किन्तु वीर और चरित्र से आनबान के धनी थे| उन्होने अपनी बहिन बैटिया की अस्मत बचाने के लिय क्षत्रिय वंश ( कुल छोड़कर ) इन क्षत्रियो से अलग हो गये| यह क्षत्रिय राजा राजस्थान मे अपना वर्चस्व कायम रखने हेतु अपने ही भाइयो को जिन्होंने ख्स्त्रिय कुल से अलग होकर दिल्ली के तत्कालीन बादशाह शहबुदीन मोहम्मद गोरी के पास अपने मुखियाओ को बेचकर कहला भेजा की अब हम क्षत्रियो से अलग हो गये| हमने अपना कार्यक्षेत्र कृषि अपना लिया| बादशाह को चाहिये ही क्या था? उसने सोचा कई बहुत ही अच्छा हुआ क्षत्रिय समाज अब संगठित नहीं रहा, क्षत्रियो कई शक्ति छिन्न भिन्न हो गये| अब आराम से दिल्ली का बादशाह बना रहूगा | विक्रम सम्वत १२५७ अथार्त आज से ८०० वर्ष क्षत्रिय समाज राजपूतो से अलग हुये और कृषि कार्य अपना कर माली बने| सैनी क्षत्रिय जो माली शब्द से पहचाने जाने लगे

Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Jeevani Mahatma's birthday 11th April, 1827 Marathi education in Panthoji's school. 1834 to 1838 Married to Savitribai, the daughter of Khandoji Nevase at Naigaon. 1840 Primary education(English) in Missionary School. 1841 to 1847 Study of Thomas Paine's book 'Rights of Man'. 1847 Humiliation at marriage procession of upper caste friend. 1848 Started school for girls of shudra and atishudra. 1848 Left home with wife because of oath taken to educate the Shudras. 1849 Started girls school at Chiplunkar's wada 1851 Major Candy felicitated Jyotiba Phule for his contribution in the field of education. 16 Nov. 1852 Joined a Scottish school as a part time teacher. 1854 Started night school. 1855 Took retirement from the management board of school. 1858 Helped in the remarriage of widows. 1860 Started Infanticide Prohibition Home. 1863 Death of Jotirao's father Govindrao. 1868 Opened the well of his house to the untouchables. 1868 'Chatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhonsle yancha povada'. 1st June, 1869 Gulamgiri. 1 June 1873 Formation of 'Satya Shodhak Samaj'. 24 Sept. 1873 Procession of Dayanand Saraswati. 1875 Report of Pune's branch of Satya Shodhak Samaj. 20 March 1877 Member of Pune Muncipality. 1876 to 1882 Made presentation to Hunter Education Commission. 19 Oct. 1882 Written the most famous book 'Shetkarayacha Aasud (Cultivator's Whipcord)'. 18 July 1883 Published the book 'Ishara' 1 Oct.1885 Junnar Court's decision in favour of villager's right 29 March 1885 Felicitated by Duke of Connaught. 2 March 1888 Felicitated by public and was honoured with the title of' MAHATMA' 11 May 1888 Started writing the book 'Sarvajanik Satya Dharma Poostak' 1st April 1889 Death of Mahatma Jotirao Phule. 28 Nov 1890

MALI SAMAJ- BHOI MALI Bhois (मराठी: महाराष्ट्र में) एक जातीय समुदाय है जो मूल रुप से महाराष्ट्र, गुजरात, राजस्थान, पश्चिमी उड़ीसा और आंध्र प्रदेश राज्यों के मूल निवासी हैं । महाराष्ट्र मे भोइ मूल रुप से मुंबई मै रह्ते थे नासिक,धुलिया, जलगांव, अहमदनगर, पुणे, औरंगाबाद, कोल्हापुर, रत्नागिरी और महाराष्ट्र के शोलापुर जिलों। में वर्तमान में, भोई समुदाय के लोग पूरे महाराष्ट्र व राजस्थान मे निवास करते है। 1947 में भारत की स्वतंत्रता के बाद, महाराष्ट्र ये में खानाबदोश जनजातियों की सूची में शामिल किये गये ; महाराष्ट्र में भोई समुदाय को कुल 22 उप समूहों मे बाटा गया। 13 वीं सदी के दौरान राजा भीमदेव के शासनकाल मे ये राजस्थान से मुंबई चले गए थे महाराष्ट्र में,भोई पालकी या डोली वाहक थे। भोई समुदाय को महाराष्ट्र मे 22 उप समूहो मे बाटा गया है। जो इस प्रकार है जिन्गा भोई, परदेश भोई, राज भोई, कहार भोई, गाडिया भोई, धुरिया कहार भोई, कीरत मछया भोई, हान्जी, जाति, केवट , धीवर , डीन्गर, पालेवर,मच्छिन्द्रा, हावाडी, हलहार , जाधव भोई, कोडी भोई, खरे भोई और देवरा भोई। ये परिजन समूहों में अहिरानी भाषा जबकि दूसरों से मराठी भाषा में बोलते हैं। गुजरात में भोई सात उप समूहों, अर्थात भोईराज धीमान जिन्गा भोई या केवट भोई, मच्छिन्द्रा भोई, पालेशवर भोई, कीरत भोई, कहार भोई, पार्बिशिन भोई और श्रीमाली भोई से मिलकर बनता है। समुदाय पारंपरिक रूप से मछली पकड़ने मे जुड़े रहे हैं। आंध्र प्रदेश में भोई दो उप जातियों बेस्टा और गुन्द्लोदु शामिल हैं, यह मूल रूप से एक ही जाती से निकले है, लेकिन बाद में अंतर्विवाही डिवीजनों में उनके देश के विभिन्न इलाकों के लंबे समय कब्जे के कारण टूट गया। उड़ीसा में भोई दो उप समूहों, अर्थात् जैत्कर और Madkukria से मिलकर बनता है. यह समुदाय विशाल भूमि और गांवों के मुखिया हैं। MALI SAMAJ- HISTORY ” माली ” शब्द की उत्पत्ति संस्कृत के शब्द माला से हुई है , एक पौराणिक कथा के अनुसार माली कि उत्पत्ति भगवान शिव के कान में जमा धुल (कान के मेल ) से हुई थी ,वहीँ एक अन्य कथा के अनुसार एक दिन जब पार्वती जी अपने उद्यान में फूल तोड़ रही थी कि उनके हाथ में एक कांटा चुभने से खून निकल आया , उसी खून से माली कि उत्पत्ति हुई और वहीँ से माली समाज अपने पेशे बागवानी से जुडा ………. माली समाज में एक वर्ग राजपूतों कि उपश्रेणियों का है ……….. विक्रम सम्वत १२४९ (११९२ इ ) में जब भारत के अंतिम हिंदू सम्राट पृथ्वी राज चौहान के पतन के बाद जब शहाबुद्दीन गौरी और मोहम्मद गौरी शक्तिशाली हो गए और उन्होंने दिल्ली एवं अजमेर पर अपना कब्ज़ा कर लिया तथा अधिकाश राजपूत प्रमुख या तो साम्राज्य की लड़ाई में मारे गए या मुग़ल शासकों द्वारा बंदी बना लिए गए , उन्ही बाकि बचे राजपूतों में कुछ ने मुस्लिम धर्म स्वीकार कर लिया और कुछ राजपूतों ने बागवानी और खेती का पेशा अपनाकर अपने आप को मुगलों से बचाए रखा , और वे राजपूत आगे चलकर माली कहलाये !

GOTRA OF SAINI SAMAJ Sainis are known by these surnames in Punjab. SAINI GOTRA OF PUNJAB Adhopia, Agarwal, Annhe, Attar, Badwal, Banait, Banga, Banga, Banwait, Baria, Basuta/Basoota, Bawal, Bharal, Bhati, Bhela, Bhele, Bhogal, Bhowra, Bimbh, Bola, Bondi, Budwal/Bodwal, Caberwal, Chandan, Chandel, Chande, Chandolia, Chaudhry, Chayor, Chelley, Chepru, Chera, Chere, Chibb, Chilne, Dadwal, Dakolia, Darar, Daurka/Dhorke, Dhamrait, Dhand, Dhanota, Dhek, Dheri, Dhaul, Dhole, Dhoore, Dhorka, Dola, Dolka, Dolle, Dulku, Fharar, Gaare, Gahir, Gahunia, Galeria, Galhe, Garhamiye, Garhania, Garore, Gehlan, Gidda, Giddar, Gidde, Gillon, Girn, Gogan, Gogia, Gogiaan/Gogian, Golia, Haad, Hadwa, Hansi, Hans, Hoon, Jagait, Jaget, Jagit, Jandauria, Jandeer, Jandor, Jandoria, Janglia, Japra/Japre, Joshi, Kaan, Kabad, Kabarwal, Kabli, Kadauni, Kainthlia, Kalia, Kaloti, Kamboe, Kamokhar-Khatri, Kapooria-Kapoor, Kapoor-Khatri, Kariya, Kataria, Keer, Khabra, Khad-Khatri, Kharga, Khargal, Khatri-Andhaia, Khelbare, Khobe, Khube, Khute, Kuchrat, Kuhar, Kuhare, Lata Longia, Lularia/Loyla, Manger, Maheru/Meharu, Masute, Matoya, Mundh, Mundra, Nagoria, Nanua, Nawen, Neemkaroria, Pabe, Pabla, Pabme, Pama, Panesar, Pangeli/Panghliya, Panthalia, Papose, Partole, Patrote, Pawar, Pharar, Pingalia, Pundrak, Puria, Saggi, Sahnam, Sair, Sajjan, Sakhla, Salaria/Salariya, Sandoonia, Sangar, Sangowalia, Saroha, Satmukhiye, Satrawla, Satrawli, Satrole, Savadia, Sehgal, Shahi, Sinh, Sona, Sooji, Sukhayee, Tabachare, Tak, Tamber, Tandoowal, Taraal, Tarotia, Tatla, Tatra, Tatri, Thind, Tikoria, Togar, Tondwall, Tonk/Tank, Toor, Tuseed, Ughra, Vaid, Vim, Virdee. Sainis are known by these names in various regions of India. Maharastra Mali, Saini, Gola, Patil, Phule, Kshatriya, Mali, Vanmali. Bihar Mali, Kshatriya mali, Saini, Kushwala, Mehta, Shak. M.P. Mali, Kshatriya mali, Saini, Sainik kshatriya. Madras Reddy, Mali saini, Saini kshatriya. Orissa Mali, Kshatriya mali, Saini kshatriya, Umrav, Haldawa. U.P. Mali, Gole, Pushpadh, Brahmin, Kamboj, Baroliya bhagat, Bhandari, Saini. Hyderabad Mali, Reddy, Kshatriya mali, Sainik kshatriya, Saini. Mysore Mali, Reddy, Kshatriya mali, Sainik kshatriya, Saini. Rajasthan Mali, Baghwan, Kshatriya mali, Dhimer, Bhoi, Gehlot, Solanki. Punjab Saini, Mali, Sainik, Kshatriya. Haryana Saini, Mali, Sainik, Kshatriya. Saurashtra Saini, Mali, Rami, Shankarvanshi, Kaachi. Delhi Saini hiH.P. Saini, Kshatriya mali, Mali.

GOTRA OF MALI SAMAJ Mali’s are known by these names in various regions of India. Maharastra Mali, Saini, Gola, Patil, Phule, Kshatriya, Mali, Vanmali. Bihar Mali, Kshatriya mali, Saini, Kushwala, Mehta, Shak. M.P. Mali, Kshatriya mali, Saini, Sainik kshatriya. Madras Reddy, Mali saini, Saini kshatriya. Orissa Mali, Kshatriya mali, Saini kshatriya, Umrav, Haldawa. U.P. Mali, Gole, Pushpadh, Brahmin, Kamboj, Baroliya bhagat, Bhandari, Saini. Hyderabad Mali, Reddy, Kshatriya mali, Sainik kshatriya, Saini. Mysore Mali, Reddy, Kshatriya mali, Sainik kshatriya, Saini. Rajasthan Mali, Baghwan, Kshatriya mali, Dhimer, Bhoi, Gehlot, Solanki. Punjab Saini, Mali, Sainik, Kshatriya. Haryana Saini, Mali, Sainik, Kshatriya. Saurashtra Saini, Mali, Rami, Shankarvanshi, Kaachi. Delhi Saini H.P. Saini, Kshatriya mali, Mali.

Cites 2 docs The Code Of Civil Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1956 Article 227 in The Constitution Of India 1949 Blog Links powered by Rajasthan High Court Zila Mali (Saini) Samaj vs State Of Raj & Ors on 29 July, 2011 name="textfield" rows="27" cols="100"> IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE FOR RAJASTHAN AT JAIPUR BENCH, JAIPUR ORDER S.B. Civil Writ Petition No. 3504/2011 S.B. Civil Misc. Stay Application No. 3166/2011 (Zila mali Saini Samaj V/s. State of Rajasthan & Ors.) Date of Order :: 29th July, 2011 HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE MAHESH BHAGWATI Mr. J.K. Yadav, counsel for the petitioner. BY THE COURT: By way of the instant writ petition, the petitioner has impugned the order dated 8th February, 2011, whereby the learned Additional Civil Judge (J.D.), Bundi, allowed the application filed under Order 1 Rule 10 of CPC and impleaded Sitaram Saini as a defendant-respondent no.4. 2. Having considered the submissions made by the learned counsel for the petitioner and carefully perused the relevant provisions of law as also the impugned order, it is noticed that the learned trial court after considering the rival submissions made by the parties allowed the application filed under Order 1 Rule 10 of CPC and impleaded Sita Ram Saini as party-respondent no.4 for effective adjudication of the suit. Learned trial court is found to have rightly allowed the application filed by the applicant under Order 1 Rule 10 of CPC and the findings of the learned trial court are based on pure findings of the facts. The impugned order is found to have suffered from no infirmity and the writ petition deserves to be dismissed. 3. Jurisdiction under Article 227 of the Constitution cannot be exercised just with a view to upset the pure findings of facts. The extraordinary jurisdiction under Article 227 can be invoked only when the impugned order is found to be totally perverse or contrary to material or it results in manifesting injustice. 4. In view of above, the writ petition being bereft of any merits deserves to be dismissed and the same stands dismissed, accordingly. 5. Consequent upon the dismissal of writ petition, the stay application, filed therewith, does not survive and that also stands dismissed. (MAHESH BHAGWATI),J. DK

Saini

Saini


Sikhism, strictly, Does not support Casteism. This article is just for information purposes that how people from different castes came into Sikh folds so treat this article as general information.
Please do not amended this article. If you have any comments, please discuss them here

Contents-
1 History
2 Kansa
3 Sourasenoi: Greek account of ancient Saini royal clan
4 Porus: An Ancient Saini King
5 Saini Yadavas and Kushan rule
5.1 Post-Kushan Saini rule of Mathura & Kaman: chaonsat-khamba inscription
6 Medieval India
7 The British Period
8 Known Saini freedom-fighters and martyrs
9 Epic Saini warriors
10 Inam-holding Saini feudals during British era
10.1 Lord Krishna and Balrama
11 Medieval Saini warriors
11.1 Gurdan Singh Saini
11.1.1 A Saini Commander of a premier Sisodia Rajput force
11.2 Jarnail Sardar Nanu Singh Saini, Jagirdar, Phulkiyan
11.3 Jarnail Sardar Sangat Singh Saini
11.4 Bhai Jamala Singh Nanua
12 Bibi Sharan Kaur Pabla
12.1 Mayya Singh Saini
12.2 Senapati Shaheed Gulab Singh Saini
13 Modern Saini warriors (only decorated Saini armymen and policemen)
13.1 Known Gallantry Awards
13.2 Known Meritorious Service Awards
13.3 Decorated Saini armymen and paramilitary personnel
13.4 Decorated Saini policemen
14 Notable Saini Personalities
15 Geographic distribution and relative population size
16 Religion
17 Distinction
18 Saini Gotras
19 External Links
20 References
History

"In the Punjab in the sub- mountainous region the community came to be known as 'Saini'. It maintained its Rajput character despite migration." [1]

"The Sainis trace their origin to a Rajput clan who came from their original home near Muttra [sic] on the Jumna, south of Delhi, in defence of Hindus against the first Muhammadan invasions."[2]

Saini is a warrior caste of India and a prominent group among Sikhs. Sainis, also known as Shoorsaini in Puranic literature, are now found by their original name only in Punjab and in the neighboring states of Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. They claim descent from Rajputs [1] of the Yaduvanshi [3] [4] Surasena[5] [6] lineage, originating from Yadava King Shoorsen, who was the grandfather of both Krishna and the legendary Pandava warriors. Sainis relocated to Punjab from Mathura and surrounding areas over different periods of time.[1] [7]
The ancient Greek traveller and ambassdor to India, Megasthenes, also came across this clan in its glory days as the ruling tribe with its capital in Mathura. There is also now an academic consensus that the ancient king Porus, the celebrated opponent of Alexander the Great, belonged to this once most dominant Yadava sect. [8] [9][10] Megasthenes described this tribe as Sourasenoi. [11]
Like most other Rajput origin tribes of Punjab [12] , Sainis also took up farming during medieval period due to the Turko-Islamic political domination, and have been chiefly engaged in both agriculture and military service since then until the recent times.[13] During British period Sainis were enlisted as a statutory agricultural tribe as well as a martial class. [14] [15] [16]
Sainis have a distinguished record as soldiers in the armies of pre-British princely states, British India and independent India. Sainis fought in both the World Wars and won some of the highest gallantry awards for 'conspicuous bravery'.[17] [18] [19]
During the British era, several influential Saini landlords were also appointed as Zaildars, or revenue-collectors, in many districts of Punjab and modern Haryana. [20] [21][22] [23]
Sainis also took active part in the freedom movement of India and many insurgents from Saini community were either martyred or imprisoned during the days of British Raj. [24][25] [26] [27] [28]
However, since the independence of India, Sainis have diversified into different trades and professions other than military and agriculture. Sainis are now also seen in increasing numbers as businessmen, lawyers, professors, civil servants, engineers, doctors and research scientists, etc. [29] A significant section of Punjabi Sainis now lives in Western countries such as USA, Canada and UK , etc and forms an important component of the global Punjabi diaspora.
Sainis profess in both Hinduism and Sikhism. Several Saini families profess in both the faiths simultaneuosly and inter-marry freely in keeping with the age-old composite Bhakti and Sikh spiritual traditions of Punjab.
Until recent times Sainis were strictly an endogamous kshatriya group and inter-married only within select clans. [30] They also have a national level organization called Saini Rajput Mahasabha located at Delhi which was established in 1920. [31]
Kansa

Kansa, the first major king of Northern India, was from this dynasty. By virtue of his might, he declared himself as the first king of Mathura. Acknowledging his superiority, the famous king Jarasandha of Magadha, who had established his lordship in the eastern region of India by subduing many independent kingdoms, offered his two daughters in marriage to Kansa. Thus, the first empire of pre-historic or Proto-history India was established by Kansa, the scion of Shoorsaini dynasty. Kansa performed the famous Ashwamedha Yagna and set his horse moving and his armies followed the horse under his personal command and was away for twelve years from the capital “Shoorpur” in the city of Mathura. The site of king Kansa's capial city was discovered by Colonel James Todd, the author of the Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan.
In the Mahabharata's 18th Parva ("Chapter"), the sons of king Kansa are mentioned to be alive. Moreover even after the killing of Kansa the kingdom was given back to his father, Ugrasena who ruled Mathura. Mathura still teems with the remains and relics of king Kansa. In the city of Jhajjar (Haryana), there are about 150-200 families who trace their descent from Kansa.
Sourasenoi: Greek account of ancient Saini royal clan

A non-Indian account of this ancient royal tribe has also survived. Magasthenes, the Greek ambassdor to India in 4 BCE transliterated the name Shoorsaini into 'Greek' as 'Sourasenoi', saying that they were worshipers of Lord Krishna whom he identified as none other than the Greek Demi-God 'Herakles' (ed. Hercules). [11]:
"This Herakles is held in special honour by the Sourasenoi, an Indian tribe, who possess two large cities, Methora and Cleisobora"
Source: James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan [11]
Porus: An Ancient Saini King

Porus or Puru, the son of king Chandra Sen, was the last Shoorsaini king. He was the overlord of the fertile area of the Punjab between the rivers Jhelum and Beas. Porus is also known in history as the 'Lord of the Mountains.' His bravery and gallantry has become an embodiment of Indian heroism. Prof. P.D. Oak rather argues and advocates and has tried to prove in his book – “Blunders of Indian History” – (Bhartiya Itihas ki Bhari Bhulein), that in the war with Alexander the Great, Porus had in fact won and Alexander had been defeated. That is why Porus did not allow Alexander to return by the route he arrived. Alexander had to carve out a new path for his return. Prof. Oak has tried his best and has dished out very powerful and convincing arguments.
The most shrewd politician of ancient India – Chanakya (Kautilya), the architect of the Mauryan Empire heavily depended on the military help of Porus to groom and raise Chandragupta as the future ruler of Patliputra. Chanakya's plan was based on the military might of Porus and they agreed to partition the Empire into equal halves. Porus sent his son as the commander of his army to pursue the task of ousting the Nanda ruler of Patliputra. It was the fearful might of Porus' forces that cowed Nanda’s army allowing Chanakya's successful siege of the city that ended in securing a victory. But as was the temperament of Chanakya, he betrayed the son of Porus and had him treacherously assassinated. The brave Shoorsaini, true to his royal lineage fell victim to Chanakya's intrigues and evil designs.
An interesting aspect to note here, is that in addition to the Sainis, three other tribes of the Punjab claim king Porus to be one of their own. These include Janjuas, Kukhran Khatris and Mohyal Brahmins of the Vaid clan.
However historians have now a firm consensus that Porus was a Saini in light of the following references:

"....we have elsewhere assigned to Yadus of the Punjab the honour of furnishing the well known king named Porus"

Source: James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan , pp 283 [8]

There were no known Hindu textual sources regarding Porus indicating the tribe or ethnic group he belonged to. As would be evident from further analysis of scholarly opinion the academic consensus seems to be that he was a Yadava Shoorsaini king. Col. Tod was the proponent of this view which was also held by Dr. Ishwari Prashad, another renowned historian. [8] [32][33]
Col. Tod went on further specifically point out Shoorsainis as the Puru tribe whose king was called Porus, the legendary Indian adversary of Alexander the Great:

"Puru became the patronymic of this branch of the Lunar race. Of this Alexander's historians made Porus. The Suraseni of Methoras (descendants of the Soor Sen of Mathura) were all Purus, the Prasioi of Megasthenes..."
Source: Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han, Or, The Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, James Tod, pp 36 [34]
After careful analysis a body of scholars at the Indian History Congress (…the largest professional and academic body of Indian historians with over 10,000 members. It was established in 1935.) declared that king Porus, known for his legendary bravery, belonged to the Shoorsaini tribe ('Sourasenoi' in Greek) also based on the fact that his infantry carried the image of Lord Krishna (Herakles as per the Greeks) on their banners. Lord Krishna was both the ancestor and patron deity of Shoorsainis. [9] [10][35][36]
Saini Yadavas and Kushan rule

After the fall of Porus and his sons, a new barbaric tribe of Central Asia, the Kushans, crossed the Indus and established their rule in India. During this period Saini or Shoorsaini Yadava dynasty lost prominence for a few centuries only to reappear again in Mathura around the 8th century CE.
Post-Kushan Saini rule of Mathura & Kaman: chaonsat-khamba inscription
A Sanskrit inscription was dicovered on a pillar by one Pandit Bhagvan Lal Indraji in 19th century [37] on one of the well-known Chaonsat-khamba , or " sixty-four pillars ", in Kaman. This inscription was dated by Cunningham to be of around 8th CE[1][37]
The inscription gives following genealogy of the Surasena (or Saini) dynasty extending over seven kings[38] :
1. — Phakka, married Deyika.
2. — Kula-abhata (son), married Drangeni.
3. — Ajita (son), married Apsarapriya.
4. — Durgabhata (son), married Vachchhalika.
5. — Durgadaman (son), married Vachchhika.
6. — Devaraja (son), married Yajnika.
7. — Vatsadaman (son).
The old fort of Kaman lies between two low ranges of hills on the high road from Delhi to Bayana. Owing to its position it is conjectured that it must have fallen an early prey to the Muhammadan conquerors.[37]. This account explains well the native accounts of the Sainis of Punjab that their forefathers were the Rajputs of Mathura and migrated to Punjab after Muslim invasions of Mathura region.[4][1][39][40]
Kaman is situated in the Bharatpur territory, 39 miles to the north-west of Mathura, and 14 miles to the north of Dig.
Estimating the probable dates of this Surasena or Saini dynasty kings, writes Cunningham [38]:
"If we place Vatsadaman in A.D. 750 to 775, the head of the family, Phakka, will date from A.D. 600, reckoning twenty five years to each generation. As none of the names agree with those of the Yadava princes of Bayana, as recorded by the bards, it seems probable that these chiefs of Kaman, or Kadamba-vana, were only a branch of the famous Surasenas of Mathura."
It is also believed by the archaeologists that the Visnu temple of Kaman was built by Saini queen Vachchhika [38].
Medieval India

Banveer, the son of Queen Sheetla Saini ruled as the Rana of Mewar, from Chittor for eight years till the consecration of Udai Singh as Rana. Eventually, "Shoorsaini" was shortened to "Saini".
The British Period

During the revolt of 1857, the Sainis of Kurukshetra and the Rors of Karnal were among the Hindu and Muslim elements who, valiantly fought the British seeking to re-establish the sovereignty of their Princely rulers.
The principalites of Sirmaur in Himachal Pradesh as well as Jagadhri, Kirada and Hansi in Haryana are Saini strongholds.
Known Saini freedom-fighters and martyrs

Gurdan Saini (Rajput General- martyred in Ranthambore)
Mayya Singh Saini (imprisoned) [41]
Gulab Singh Saini (martyred-hanged on January 9, 1858 ) [28] [42]
Chaudhary Yograj Saini of Gambhowal (Kuka Movement, 13 years imprisonment) [43]
Bhai Bela Singh (martyr of Nankana Sahib)[15][44]
Harnam Singh of village Baghpur (Jaito Morcha, martyred, died in Jail) [43]
Dasondha Singh Saini (martyred- died in jail) [24]
Kehar Singh Saini (martyred- killed in police encounter) [24]
Basant Singh s/o Prabhu Saini of Mahilpur (imprisoned) [45][43]
Dal Singh (imprisoned) [45]
Gurdial Singh of village Urapar (imprisoned, INA veteran) [45]
Amar Singh s/o Sant Ram of village Orhpur (INA veteran) [43]
Gian Singh of village Bajidpur (imprisoned, INA veteran)[45]
Bhan Singh of village Jalowal (imprisoned) [45]
Battan Singh of village Haveli (INA veteran, imprisoned)[45]
Nama Saini of Fatehgarh (Ghadar movement, martyred - hanged on January 5, 1917 after 3rd Lahore Conspiracy case trial) [43][46]
Pritam Saini (Ghadar movement, imprisoned) [47]
Bachan Singh Saini (Ghadar movement, imprisoned) [48]
Naik Gurdial Singh Saini (imprisoned, INA veteran)[49]
Gonda Singh (Babbar Akali, imprisoned and tortured) [50]
Mohinder Singh Saini of Pandori Ganga Singh (Babbar Akali, martyred, killed in Babeli Police encounter)[50][43]
Chinta Singh Saini of Pandori Ganga Singh (Babbar Akali, martyred, hanged)[50][43]
Harnam Singh Saini s/o Sunder Singh of Pandori Ganga Singh (National Movement, imprisoned for 1.5 years)[50][43]
Harnam Singh Saini s/o Rajmal of Pandori Ganga Singh (imprisoned for 2 years, INA veteran)[50] [43]
Hazara Singh Saini of Pandori Ganga Singh (Civil Disobedience, Babar Akali, imprisoned for 6 years)[50] [43]
Inder Singh Saini of Pandori Ganga Singh (Babar Akali, imprisoned for 7 years)[50] [43]
Kartar Singh Saini of Pandori Ganga Singh (Babar Akali, sentence not known)[50] [43]
Arjan Singh of village Sujjon, Banga (Ghadar movement activist)[51]
Satya Pal Saini of Lahore (tortured and imprisoned) [52]
Narain Singh Nanua (INA veteran, imprisoned)[52]
Ishar Singh (Babbar Akali, imprisoned and tortured)[50]
Labh Singh Saini (Akali leader, martyred)
Harnam Singh Saini (Ghadar movement, martyred - hanged on March 16 , 1917 after Lahore Conspiracy Case trial) [25] [53]
Mahan Singh Gahunia of Phillipines (noted INA civilian organizer-donated his entire wealth to INA) [26]
Ajit Saini (INA veteran, imprisoned) [27]
Sadhu Ram Saini (veteran Gandhian, imprisoned) [54] [55]
Amar Singh (imprisoned)[54] [55]
Note: This list is not exhaustive.
Epic Saini warriors

Inam-holding Saini feudals during British era

The following is the list of some of the Saini Zaildars during 1880s:
Chaudhari Jawahir Singh of Hoshiarpur [20] had 19 villages under him.
Chaudhari Jaimal Singh of Dasuya [20] had 22 villages under him.
Chaudhari Nand Ram Saini of Hissar.[22]
Rai Bahadur Chaudhari Dewan Chand Saini of Gurdaspur [21] [23] was a well-known Saini safedposh during 20th century. He was a highly reputed criminal lawyer of Lahore High Court who later became the leader of Criminal Bar. He was also subsequently awarded the title of 'Rai Bahadur' by the British government.[21] [23]
Note: This list is not exhaustive. More information is needed for Ropar , Jalandhar, and Gurdaspur districts, and also for Hoshiarpur, over different periods of time before 1947.

Lord Krishna and Balrama
The story of the epic Saini warriors begins with the mention of Lord Krishna and his elder brother Balrama. Krishna was a warrior-statesman who gave the Yadavas leadership at a very critical juncture. Krishna's and Balrama's exploits as warriors, mentioned in various hagiographies, are too numerous and too popular to need any mention here.
Some critics trained in the Western scholastic traditions have doubted the existence of a historical Krishna but such commentaries are now clearly contradicted by archaeological evidence found in the recent underwater excavations in the Arabian sea which have revealed a submerged ancient city[56] as described in Visnu Purana. This evidence along with myriads of sites and clans found all over India claiming association with Krishna indicate the distinct possibility of a historical Krishna.
Visnu Purana vividly describes in detail various military expeditions that Krisna led. Incidentally this text also gives clear proof that Shoorsaini Yadavas, whence Sainis of Punjab claim descent, moved to Dwarka and eventually some of them moved to Punjab after submersion of Dwarka into the sea.[7]
Krishna defined the warrior-statesman and saint-soldier ideal not only for his kinsmen and descendants, distributed in diverse clans all over India now, which also include Sainis of Punjab, but also for the entire mankind. His military exploits and warrior spirit are even invoked in an anachronistic way in the Sikh tradition in the Chobis avatar section of Sri Dasam Granth.
In the Shaster Naam Mala section of Sri Dasam Granth, the names of Balrama and Krisna are invoked as follow to instill the warrior spirit.[57]
ਹਲਧਰ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਬਖਾਨਿ ਕੈ ਅਨੁਜ ਉਚਰਿ ਅਰਿ ਭਾਖੁ ॥ ਸਕਲ ਨਾਮ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਬਾਨ ਕੇ ਚੀਨ ਚਤੁਰ ਚਿਤ ਰਾਖੁ ॥੧੪੧॥
हलधर शबद बखानि कै अनुज उचरि अरि भाखु ॥ सकल नाम स्री बान के चीन चतुर चित राखु ॥१४१॥
After speaking the word "Haldhar" (Balrama), then adding "Anuj" (Krishna) and afterwards saying "Ari" (Foe), the wise people know all the names of "Baan" (Arrow).
Medieval Saini warriors

Gurdan Singh Saini
Noted historians Henry Miers Elliot and John Dowson on page 541 of their work "The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period" [58] citing Ghurratu-L-Kamal , a work by Khalji dynasty's royal poet-scholar Amir Khusro, provide the following account of a distinguished Saini general in the Sisodia Rajput army of Rana Hamir that took on Alauddin Khilji's Turk army:
The rai was in affright, and sent for Gurdan Saini, who was the most experienced warrior amongst the 40,000 rawats under the rai, and had seen many fights among the Hindus. "Sometimes he had gone with the advance to Malwa ; sometimes he had gone plundering in Gujarat." The Saini took 10,000 rawats with him from Jhain, and advanced against the Turks, and, after a severe action, he was slain...

The account of this Saini general who commanded a force of 10,000 Rajput fighters and achieved martyrdom almost reads like an unqualified eulogy even from a hostile Turk perspective.
A Saini Commander of a premier Sisodia Rajput force
Gurdan Saini was most likely linked with the famed Yaduvanshi Surasenas of Mathura, some of whom disperesed to Jalandhar doab in Punjab after the Turk invasion of Mathura. [39] [59] [1] The term 'Surasena' (also spelt Shurasena) is a Sanskrit version of Prakrit 'Shoorsaini'. 'Shoorsaini' further gets abbreviated to just 'Saini' in layman usage.

Jarnail Sardar Nanu Singh Saini, Jagirdar, Phulkiyan
Main article: Sardar Nanu Singh Saini

Jarnail Sardar Sangat Singh Saini
Sardar Sangat Singh Saini was a distinguished and highly ranked General in Khalsa army under Maharaja Ranjit Singh. [60] It is said that the Maharaja was so impressed with his contributions in the military campaigns that he granted him a fief. The town Sangatpur in district Gurdaspur is named after this illustrious Saini General.[60]
Incidentally, Gurdaspur is another area of Saini concentration in Punjab.
Bhai Jamala Singh Nanua
Main article: Nanua Bairagi

Bibi Sharan Kaur Pabla

Main article: Bibi Sharan Kaur Pabla
Mayya Singh Saini
Mayya Singh Saini , sometimes spelt as Maya Singh Saini, [61] [62] [63] [64][65] [66] was a Saini cavalryman and a notable freedom-fighter from Naushahra in Amritsar district of the Punjab. Mayya Singh was an ace horseman and fought in the battle of Ramnagar on 22 November 1848 during the second Anglo-Sikh war. Although the battle of Ramnagar was inconclusive , the Sikh cavalry caused heavy damage to the British forces, which proved to be a great morale booster for the Sikhs.
Thereafter he joined volunteer corps of Bhai Maharaj Singh[16] leader of the popular revolt against the British. He participated in the battles of Sa`dullapur and Gujrat. After the defeat of the Sikh forces, Mayya Singh was in Bhai Maharaj Singh`s train at Sujoval near Balala. From the latter place he was sent to Lahore on a mission, and thus escaped arrest when Maharaj Singh and his companions were captured on the night of 28 and 29 December 1849. He, however, fell into the hands of the British soon afterwards.
It is not clear from the account available whether Mayya Singh was a commander or just an ordinary cavalryman. But given the fact that his contributions were significant enough for his account to have survived in the history texts, there is a strong possibility that he held a significant rank in the Khalsa army. However, his major contributions came after the Anglo-Sikh war as armed insurgent against the rule of East India Company.[67]
Mayya Singh is among many other unsung Saini heroes who fought as part of the Khalsa armies since the time of the 6th Sikh Guru Hargobind. Mayya Singh is fortunate in the sense that his account survived while other Saini heroes just faded into oblivion after selfless service to their motherland. This could be due to two factors. First of them being poor record keeping by Saini community about their foremost men. This neglect continues even to this day. The second factor being the casteless character of the Khalsa order itself which downplayed caste identities.
Senapati Shaheed Gulab Singh Saini
Gulab Singh Saini [68] , son of Jodh Singh Saini, was a close companion of Jat chief Nahar Singh of Ballabhgarh and laid down his life fighting the British in 1858. Raja Nahar Singh had also lost his life heroically in the process. Gulab Singh Saini was one of the prominent leaders of the native insurrection against the British during the mutiny in his role as the commander-in-chief [68] of the princely state of Ballabhgarh.
He was hanged , along with Jat chief Nahar Singh, in the Chandni Chowk of New Delhi on January 9, 1858 . Thereupon, all of his property and land was confiscated by the British colonialists and all public records pertaining to him and his companions were burnt down to erase the influence of their martyrdom on the natives [68] but the tales of patriotism , gallantry and sacrifice of these heroes of India's first war of freedom still managed to endure in the popular memory despite the twin scourge of colonial oppression and time.
Shaheed Gulab Singh Saini's descendant, Ranjit Singh Saini, is a distinguished scholar of Sanskrit who has authored saveral books on Sanskrit grammar and historical manuscripts.
Along with Mayya Singh, Gulab Singh was the second prominent Saini hero of the 1857 mutiny and before who fought the East India Company and faced either incarceration or martyrdom.
Saini , Jat and Ror communities around the area of Kurukshetra are reported to have put up a very brave resistance to the forces of East India Company during the mutiny.
Modern Saini warriors (only decorated Saini armymen and policemen)

The awards list given below is not exhaustive. Not all Sainis use their clan or sub clan names and go by the last names such as 'Chaudhry', 'Singh', 'Kumar', etc. Since these names are shared by many other groups (some of which overlap Sainis) such as Sikhs, Jats, Dogras and Rajputs etc , it is not possible to isolate Sainis among them just by their last names. The following list pertains only to those decorated armymen and policemen who are confirmed to be Sainis. The actual list of decorated Saini army and police personnel might be much longer. More quality research is needed in this reference.
The following list only contains only those armymen and policemen who won have major wartime and peacetime awards. The list of Sainis in Indian Army is very large and needs no inclusion here. Army and police have traditionally been major sources of employment for Sainis. British had classified Sainis as a 'martial race'.
Another fact that needs to be born in mind is comparison of Sainis with Dogras , Pushtuns, Jats and Rajputs is not an apples to apples comparison. Sainis are merely a sub tribe of Yaduvanshi Kshatriyas (or Jadon Rajputs) who took to agriculture in Punjab and spun-off with a distinct identity local predominantly to Punjab and bordering region. Their numbers are relatively very small compared with these groups. For example according to the 1881 census, the entire Saini population in the whole of undivided Punjab- also all of pre-partition India for that matter- was only 132,000 while the population of just a single Jat clan of Sidhus was 208,000. The Saini population was reduced to 106,000 in 1901 census after mistakes of 1881 census were corrected.[69] [70] The best way to gauge proportionate Saini contribution to feats of gallantry in armed forces would be by comparing them individually with other Rajput sub tribes such as Bhati, Chauhan, Sisodia, etc rather than Rajputs, Jats , or Dogras as integrated groups which are extremely large and heterogeneous when compared to Sainis.
Known Gallantry Awards
During British India (World War I)

1 Cross of St. George (Imperial Russia's highest exclusively military award. Equivalent to current Param Vir Chakra and British Victoria Cross) [17]
2 Indian Order of Merit (after 1912 equivalent to current Maha Vir Chakra )
1 Order of British India(equivalent to Ati Vishisht Seva Medal; recepient decorated with title 'Bahadur')
Note: In addition to these Wing Commander Kartar Singh Taunque was the first personnel of Indian Airforce to win a gallantry award as part of Royal Indian Airforce. The Chakra class of gallantry awards did not yet exist as Taunque won this award in 1938 during World War II before the independence of India. More information is required for the gallantry awards won by Sainis during both the World Wars.
Since Independence
1 Param Vir Chakra (Victoria Cross before 1947)
1 Vir Chakra
4 Shaurya Chakras
1 Bronze Star (US Army)
13 Sena Medals
1 Purple Heart (US Army)
Known Meritorious Service Awards
2 Param Vishisht Seva Medals
2 Ati Vishist Seva Medal
5 Vishisht Seva Medals
Decorated Saini armymen and paramilitary personnel
Order of names given below is as per the rank held at the time of retirement or martyrdom of each soldier.
Lt Gen Harbhajan Singh Banga (Param Vishisht Seva Medal)[71]
Lt Gen Ashok Kumar Saini (Param Vishisht Seva Medal, Ati Visisht Seva Metal, Sena Medal)[17]
Brigadier Ram Prakash Saini (Vishisht Seva Medal) [18]
Brigadier SK Saini (Sena Medal for Gallantry) [72]
Brigadier Balbir Singh Pama (Sena Medal) [73]
Group Captain Krishan Kumar Sangar (Shaurya Chakra, Vayu Sena Medal for Gallantry)[74]
Group Captain S S Banga (Vishisht Seva Medal)[75]
Group Captain Girish Saini (Vayu Sena Medal for Gallantry)[19]
Wing Commander Kartar Singh Taunque (Distinguished Flying Cross-First IAF personnel ever to be decorated for gallantry)[76][77]
Wing Commander Krishan Kant Saini ( 1962 War Hero, Vir Chakra, Vayu Sena Medal for Gallantry & Ati Vishist Seva Medal)

Col Satinder Kumar Saini ( Vishisht Seva Medal) [78]
Col Vikas Saini ( Vishisht Seva Medal) [79]
Squadron Leader Devinder Singh Saini (Shaurya Chakra & Vayu Sena Medal for Gallantry) [80] [20]
Subedar-Major Bahadur Jagindar Singh Saini, OBI (2nd Class Order of Merit and 2nd Class of the Order of British India, Hero of Battle of Loos, Belgium, World War I) [19]
Subedar-Major Jagindar Singh 'Bahadur' , a Saini from Ropar, distinguished himself for conspicuous gallantry and striking leadership in the Battle of Loos in Belgium during World War 1. Lieutinent Governor's citation for his military decoration as 'Bahadur' (or hero) and the twin confering of Order of British India and Indian Order of Merit reads as follows[19]:
" ..for his conspicuous gallantry in action on the 17th November 1914 when with a party of Sappers under the command of a British Officer he was always to the fore and led his men with great determination into the enemy's trenches. Subedar-Major Jagindar Singh, Saini Sikh of Kheri Salabatpur in Rupar, gained the 2nd Class Order of Merit at the battle of Loos in Belgium for striking leadership and conspicuous bravery in action after most of his company and all but one British Officer in his regiment had been killed or wounded. This officer was also awarded the 2nd Class of the Order of British India for distinguished conduct in the field."

Major Harminderpal Singh Saini (Posthumous Shaurya Chakra) [21][22]
On 13 April 1999, Major Singh fearlessly led his column from upfront, setting a personal example for his command to emulate. He made the supreme sacrifice of his life while fighting the Pakistani ISI sponsored proxy war and safe guarding the integrity of India. His mortal remains, draped in the tri-colour of the Indian flag, were sent to his village in (Mundi Kharar) Ropar (the vicinity of which Anandpur Sahib is located) on 14 April 1999 where he was cremated with honours reserved for the bravest.
Major Harminder had been wounded in the left arm but managed to engage three militants armed with Kalashnikovs and grenades in an eyeball-to-eyeball encounter in a remote north Kashmir village on April 13.
The 18 Grenadiers Major was shot through the temple by the third militant but not before he had gunned down two of them. Harminder led the commando platoon of his battalion in what has been described as a "dare-devil" operation in a congested locality of Sadurkotbala village in Manasbal.
Major Harminder Pal Singh was honoured with the Shaurya Chakra, for his exceptional gallantry and devotion to duty, posthumously.
Major S L Saini ( Vishisht Seva Medal) [81]
Captain Gurbachan Singh Salaria (Posthumous Param Vir Chakra)[23][82][83]

Captain Jasbir Singh Kaberwal (Shaurya Chakra) [84] [85]
Sergeant Uday Singh Taunque (Winner of Purple Heart & Bronze Star[24] , US Army)

Jemadar Gurmukh Singh Saini Cr St Geo, IOM (Equivalencies: Cr St Geo - Param Vir Chakra & Victoria Cross) [17] [18]

Lt. Ravinder Saini (Sena Medal for Gallantry) [25]
Flt. Lt. Somesh Kumar Saini (Vayu Sena Medal for Gallantry) [26]
Sgt. Hira Singh Saini (Vayu Sena Medal for Gallantry) [27][86]
Naib Subedar Gopal Singh Saini (Sena Medal for Gallantry) [28]
Naik Janak Raj Saini (Sena Medal for Gallantry) [29]
Decorated Saini policemen
Gallantry medal is the most prestigious award for any police officer in the country. It is awarded for displaying conspicuous gallantry, courage and devotion to duty of very high order. The police officer keeps the duty before self in completing the task. This award is rare in itself as the action should match the risk involved on the occasion. The senior controlling officer assessing the task performed by the subordinate recommends to the head of the police department for award of gallantry medal.
Director General of Police(DGP) Sumedh Singh Saini, IPS ( Gallantry Award ,1987, Punjab Police )[30]
Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG) Dr. Kamal Saini, IPS, (Gallantry Award, Jammu and Kashmir Police) [31][87]
Supdt. of Police (SP) Hari Ram Banga, ( Gallantry Award ,1991, Punjab Police)[32]
Dy. Supdt. of Police (DSP) Kashmir Singh Pabla (President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service, 2009) [88][89]
Sub Inspector Vinod Kumar Saini , (Police Medal For Gallantry, 2008, Border Security Force)[90]
Notable Saini Personalities

Shaheed Babu Labh Singh (Prominent Freedom Fighter & President of Shiromani Akali Dal)
Sardar Labh Singh(1895-1947), Akali politician, was born in 1895 and was the son of Sardar Dula Singh. [91] [92] [93] He belonged to a Saini family in village Lasara of Jalandhar district. [94] He spent his early youth at Quetta and passed his Matriculation examination from the high school there. In 1914, he took up service in the army as a clerk. For this reason, he was sometimes also known as Babu Labh Singh. He resigned his job as a protest against the killing of Sikhs at Nankana Sahib on 20 February 1921, and joined the campaign for the reform of Gurdwara management.
He was arrested in 1922 in connection with the Guru ka Bagh agitation. On 18 April 1924, he courted arrest at Jaito and was detained in Nabha jail. He was released along with other Akali prisoners after the passage in 1925 of the Sikh Gurdwaras Act. In 1926, he was elected president of the district unit of the Jalandhar Akali Jatha. In 1928, he participated in a protest march against the Simon Commission, and in 1930 he, along with a batch of 100 Sikh volunteers from his district, participated in the Civil Disobedience movement launched by the Indian National Congress. He was taken into custody in Delhi, but was released after the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed in 1931. He was arrested under the Defence of India Rules during the Quit India movement. He organized from 25 to 27 November 1944 at Jandiala, in Jalandhar district, a massive Sikh conference to celebrate the silver jubilee of the Shiromani Akali Dal. In 1945, he was elected president of the Shiromani Akali Dal which office he held until his death on 9 March 1947 at Jalandhar.
As Akali Dal President-elect, Sardar Labh Singh was taken on a two miles (3 km) long procession on elephant back in Gujaranawala.More than 60 Akali Jathas, in their multi-colored dresses and turbans carrying swords and Sikh flags and spears ,etc participated, headed by 5 camel sawars and 101 on horse-back with naked swords in their hands. The procession took three hours to reach the place where the conference took place. As the leader of the Shiromani Akali Dal, Sardar Labh Singh, condemned Indian communists for their role in the parition and passionately advocated for the Prisoners of War (POW) rights for Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army) prisoners [95]
He was stabbed by a Muslim fanatic while leading a peace march after communal disturbances in the town. The Civil Hospital and a Gurudwara in Rainak Bazar at Jalandhar commemorate his memory.
Rai Bahadur Chaudhari Dewan Chand Saini (Noted Criminal Lawyer and Safedposh of British India)
Chaudhari Dewan Chand of Gurdaspur [21] [23] was a well-known Saini safedposh during 20th century. He was a highly reputed criminal lawyer of Lahore High Court who later became the leader of Criminal Bar. He was also subsequently awarded the title of 'Rai Bahadur' by the British government.[23] [21] He used this privileged postion to champion the cause of all agricultural communities of Punjab and was widely quoted in the legislative debates in the undivided Punjab.[23]
Late Ajit Saini (Eminent Punjabi Journalist, Freedom Fighter & INA veteran)
Late Ajit Saini was a very eminent journalist of Punjab and was associated with the Punjabi daily "Ajit" [33]. Not only his contributions to Punjabi press are remembered by the Punjabi intelligentsia but his contributions as a freedom fighter and Indian National Army (INA) vateran can never be forgotten. He was a close confidant and lieutenant of Subhas Chandra Bose. As Netaji's spokesman and media strategist , he controlled the wire service of INA and Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind or Provisional Government of Free India, more simply, Indian government in exile.
Freedom fighter , Ajit Saini, passed away on Dec 10, 2007 and his demise was widely condoled in Punjab. In a condolence message the Chief Minister said that Saini was a multi-faceted personality who served in the Indian National Army (INA) and made a significant contribution towards the Indian freedom struggle. As a noted Journalist and an eminent Columnist Ajit Saini through his prolific writings in the esteemed columns of regional and national newspapers proved to be instrumental in bringing social awakening amongst the down-trodden and unprivileged section of the society. In his death "a void has been created in the literary circles which was difficult to be filled", said Badal[96][34].
Nek Chand Saini (Creator of World Famous Rock Garden of Chandigarh)
Nek Chand, is an Indian self-taught artist. He is famous for building the Rock Garden of Chandigarh. Chandigarh, India, is an unlikely location for the world's largest folk-art environment. Chandigarh, a stark 20th-century utopian dream city, was designed by the Swiss architect Le Corbusier. In the midst of this carefully planned, 1950s-style architecture lies The Rock Garden. The Rock Garden is a Template:Convert garden comprising of meandering paths, courtyards, waterfalls, pavilions, theatres, plazas and thousands of sculptures created by self-tutored builder named Nek Chand Saini (b.1924). In the past few years, completing this monumental endeavour and guaranteeing its preservation has become an international effort involving many individuals and organizations.
Wg Cdr K K Saini (World Record holder for the Highest Altitude Landing for a Helicopter)
Wing Commander K K Saini not only distinguished himself by winning the coveted war time gallantry award , namely Vir Chakra, in 1962 Sino-Indian war but he also set the world record in global aviation history by accomplishing the world's highest helicopter landing. He accomplished this feat on 8th May 1969 when he landed Chetak helicopter at the altitude of 6858 m (22,500 feet) in the Karkoram ranges .[97][35] This world record still remains unbroken.
Joginder Singh Saini (1997 Dronacharya Award -Highest National Award in Sports Coaching)[36]
Joginder Singh Saini was the 13th recipient of the coveted award. A respected coach of long standing and chief national coach , Saini was the fourth athletic coach behind O.M. Nambiar (1985), Ilyas Babar (1994) and Karan Singh (1995) to be honoured.
Baljit Singh Saini (Famous Indian Hockey Player & Olympian)
File:Baljeet saini.jpg
Baljeet Saini playing hockey
Baljit ("Baljeet") Singh Saini (born August 12, 1976 in Ropar, Punjab) is a field hockey defender and midfielder from India who made his international debut for the Men's National Team in 1995 during the Indira Gandhi Gold Cup. Singh Saini represented his native country at two consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia, where India finished in eighth place. His older brother Balwinder Singh was also a field hockey international for India.
Nirmal (Saini) Milkha Singh (Former Indian Women's Volleyball Team Captain)
Born on October 10, 1938 at Shekupura (now in Pakistan), Nirmal Saini had a distinguished career in sports. She was Director of Sports for Women in the State Department. She earned an M.A. in Political Science from Punjab University in 1958, and joined the Government College of Physical Education, Patiala in 1959. She secured 710 out of 1000 marks to gain her diploma, proving that successful athletes can also be successful academicians. Nirmal also played excellent net-ball, badminton and throw-ball. She captained the Punjab volleyball team three times and was a member of the U.P. volleyball team that toured Ceylon in 1955. Four years later she led an Indian team to Ceylon, which won all the matches that they participated in.
Nirmal Saini took time off in the course of her busy Sports career to marry the famous "Flying Sikh" Milkha Singh[37], the most celebrated athlete of India. She is also the mother of world renowned golf player Jeev Milkha Singh. Note: Milkha Singh is not a Saini but from a Sikh Rathore Rajput family[98].
Dr. Rupa Saini, Ph.D. (Olympian, Arjuna Award Winner)

The erudite hockey Olympian, Rupa Saini belongs to a Faridkot-based family which has a rich tradition in sports, particularly in Indian hockey. At one time, the Saini sisters dominated women's hockey in India and this can be gauged from the fact that three of them- Rupa, Krishna and Prema- turned out for the country in a Test series against Japan in 1970. Rupa, at that time, was a 15-year- old pony tailed girl bristling with youthful exuberance. And it was this young and talented girl who went on to captain the Indian team in the 1980 Moscow Olympics.
The list of Rupa Saini's achievement is long and impressive. She has donned the Indian colours in the 1974 France and 1978 Madrid World Cups, apart from earning nearly 200 Test caps both in India and abroad.She also played in the 1979 world championships held in Vancouver.
Taking a drive down the corridors of memory lane, Rupa reveals the crests and troughs she had to undergo in her illustrious career. She opined that one of the most happiest moments of her 19-year-long, effervescent career was when she got a chance to play alongside her two sisters -Krishna and Prema- in a five Test match series against Japan in 1970. These days Rupa, having earned a doctorate degree, is employed as a senior lecturer with the Government College of Physical Education in Patiala. She has also been appointed as a manager of the senior Indian team by the Indian Women Hockey Federation (IWHF).
Avatar Saini (World Renowned Microchip Designer/Architect)
Director - South Asia, Intel Asia Electronics. Avtar Saini joined Intel in April 1982 as a Product Engineer in the area of magnetic bubble memories. Through the 1980s he worked as a circuit designer on the Intel386, and a micro-architect/logic designer on the Intel486. In 1989, he was promoted to co-lead the Pentium processor design team where he managed the design and its ramp into volume production. In 1994, Saini was promoted as General Manager, Santa Clara Microprocessor Division where he managed Intel's next generation 64 byte architecture microprocessor. In May 1996, he moved to Folsom, California to head the Platform Components Division where he was responsible for the Chipset and Graphics solutions for the Intel Architecture platform. In September 1999, Saini was relocated to India as Director South Asia. He holds 7 patents for his work in microprocessor design.
Jessie Singh Saini (Indo-American Industrialist)
Hard work and talent made this non-entity in his homeland rich and famous in foreign soil. Originally known as Jaswinder Singh and re-christened "Jessie Singh the billionaire" is now a big name in Silicon Valley in California, USA. He is the owner of BJS Electronics and deals in trading of computer peripherals. He now has three companies with a turnover of $246 million and is the second richest Punjabi in North America. He has the rare distinction of hosting a dinner attended, among others by the then US president Bill Clinton. He keeps in touch with his roots and occasionally visits Jalandhar where he has a house in Green Park.
Tarsame Singh Saini (Taz of Stereo Nation )
File:Taz stereo nation.jpg
Taz of Stereo Nation
Tarsame Singh, aka TAZ, the artist formerly known as Johnny Zee, established himself as a recording artist with the release of his debut album "Hit the Deck". He stormed the UK Asian Pop Charts for 36 weeks at number 1. The album went on to become one of the biggest selling Asian fusion release to date. Then came the album that broke all music barriers, Spirits of Rhythm with the hit track, Don't Break My Heart.
The latter half of 1999 saw TAZ release his first solo album entitled "Nasha" in the UK, causing a major storm on dance floors across Europe and the USA. To date the album has already gone gold... The new millennium sees TAZ as a solo artists, retaining the name of "Stereo Nation" starting to delve into new musical territory with Latin, R&B, Soul, Dance and Bollywood. TAZ's latest album entitled "Slave II Fusion"("Oh Laila'), released in December 2000. achieved sales exceeding 1.5 Million. As a consequence to this success, he was approached to record a track for the movie "TUM BIN" in which TAZ himself performed.
Due to popular demand TAZ returned to the UK to release his single "Laila" into the mainstream charts. The single entered the British Charts at number 44. The follow up album entitled "Taz-Mania" has surpassed the phenomenal success of the previous album. Having already recorded for the Film Industry, TAZ has just finished recording for the latest Hrithik Roshan film "Koi Mil Gaya" which has been deemed by the Indian Film Industry as the Bollywood Blockbuster Movie of the year!
Soni Pabla (Punjabi Pop Star)
Born and raised in Bilaspur a village near Hoshiarpur, a district in Punjab, India, Soni (Tejpal Singh Pabla) moved to Toronto, Canada in the mid 90s. Under the teachings of Mahesh Malwani, he studied music, which led him towards a recording contract with Planet Recordz, a well known South Asian Record Label in Canada. Soni released his debut album, Heeray Heeray, in 2002. In 2004, Soni teamed up with Sukshinder Shinda to create his second album, Gal Dil Di. He had also been featured on numerous albums with various producers. He was one of the most talented artists in Canada. His new album "Eternity (Naseebo)" is a tribute to Soni by his friends and Planet Recordz. This album features new songs which Soni had selected for his album. Some songs in this album also have the vocals of few well known Punjabi Singers.
Light-eyed and breath-takingly handsome Soni died untimely at the age of 30, while giving a stage performance in Brampton (Ontario, Canada) . Soni is missed by thousands of his fans in Canada, UK , Punjab and elsewhere .
Manj Banwait (Panjabi Bhangra Singer)
Born in Derby, England on the 23rd of October 1987, Manj is becoming the answer to new age Bhangra. His debut album 'Project One' which was sung, written and composed by this youngster was released in 2008 at the early age of 20. The title track 'Piche Hohke' ranked highly in numerous charts including the BBC Asian Network Chart. With such talents under his belt he has worked with numerous music producers already consisting of such names as Taj-E, BEE2, Notorious Jatt, Panjabi By Nature and Bharat Goel. The future looks bright and promising for Manj if he continues to climb on the ladder of rapid success. With only a few Saini singers out there, Manj is showing there is a place out there on the music scene made for him to shine out even further.
Sardar Mahan Singh Gahunia (INA Veteran & Social Activist)
A distinguished general of the Saini Army. His contribution in upliftment of Saini Community is being applauded by all. Took active part in the freedom movement launched by the patriots to liberate our country from the British rule. Known for his strong character, honest, simple and ever helpful attitude at his native village Sujjon in Nawansher district. His urge for knowledge and material well-being took him to seas to Philippines. Business acumen and hard work brought him abundant success and laurels. he became a successful, distinguished and respected businessman in Manila. His benevolent instinct prompted him to support his relations and other interested villagers to migrate to the Philippines for improving their sources of livelihood. Formed the Sarb Hind Saini Sabha. Arranged moral and material support for Azad Hind Fauz of Netaji during the vital years of the Indian Freedom movement. His efforts to extend a helping hand to the needy widows and poor school going children in the form of aid and scholarships consistent with the financial position of the trust, are praiseworthy.
Ajit S. Adhopia (Indo-Canadian Religious Author & Social Activist)
Originally from Delhi, this man is known for his community service in Canada, his adopted land. He writes a regular Column on Hinduism for "Toronto Star", a national newspaper in Canada and also wrote two books on Hinduism that are very popular there. He has been a Social Activist in the Indian community for 30 years and won awards from all levels of government, in recognition of his contribution to society. His recent awards include Civic Award of Recognition for Volunteerism – City of Mississauga 2002 and Recognition Award for Community Service-Ethnic Press Council of Canada.
Sunny Dhoor (Indo-American Social Activist)
Sunny Dhoorh migrated to America from Punjab in the year 1988 after graduating in the Law course of Punjab University, Chandigarh. In India he worked as an advocate and when opportunity called Sunny migrated to the U.S. Henceforth there is no looking back for this hardworking and determined stalwart. The fruits of his labor ripened and now he is the proud owner of a about a dozen of convenient stores in the Michigan State, USA. This put him in the league of one of the most prominent and leading businessman of the state.
He is also a spokesperson for the Indian community in the state. He is a contender in politics and keep company with the Democratic Party, as is evident with his frequent association with the Governor and the former presidential candidate, Mr. John Kerry during his campaign. It is during this meetings that Sunny highlights the issues the Indian Community is facing. A regular donor to religious organizations and humanitarian causes. Sunny is proud to belong to the first Saini IAS family (Chaudhary Dasonda Singh) of Punjab.
Retd. Brigadier Dilbagh Singh Saini (Ex Minister Punjab Government)
S. Dilbagh Singh who was a famous personality from Doaba. After a distinguished service in the Indian Army , he retired as a Brigadier and became the Minister for Agriculture and Forest in the Punjab Govt. for some time. As a businessman he is beyond compare running his empire of transport trucks. He helped the community of the Sainis by being their spokesman and his contribution for the upliftment of the community will always be remembered. During his tenure, he initiated a series of measures to take Doaba in the forefront.
Angela Saini (British Science Journalist)
Angela is a multimedia journalist, working across television, radio and print.These days she is working full-time for BBC London News as a television video journalist and radio reporter. In the past few years, she has written for New Scientist, Nature Network, The Guardian, and New Statesman among others. Visit http://www.angelasaini.co.uk/

Geographic distribution and relative population size

According to the census of 1881, which is the most authentic record as it predates the era before all kinds of groups adopted Saini identity, Sainis were not found outside undivided Punjab which in present day's terms mean the following states:
Punjab
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Geographical distribution as per A. E. Barstow
According to A. E. Barstow the total population of Sainis as per 1911 census was only 113,000 and their presence was restricted mainly to Delhi, Karnal, Ambala and Lyallpur (modern Faislabad in Pakistan) distrcts, the Jalandhar and Lahore Divisions and the Kalsia, Nahan, Nalagarh, Mandi, Kapurthala and Patiala states. According to him, only 400 of them were Muslims and the rest were Hindu and Sikh.[99] As per 1881 census the largest Saini clans were in Hoshiarpur district of Jalandhar division where they were in quite commanding position in terms of land holdings and influence, holding at least two zails. In Lahore division they were chiefly concentrated in Gurdaspur where the Salahrias (Salariya) were returned as the largest Saini clan. The Sainis of Jammu area were essentially part of Sainis from the bordering Gurdaspur district.[83]
Present day cross-reference of divisions of British Punjab
In British Punjab Jalandhar division comprised of the following districts: Kangra, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Ludhiana and Ferozepur. Lahore division comprised of the following districts: Lahore, Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Sialkot, Gujranawala and Sheikhupura. The present day Ropar district fell in Ambala district before partition. Hence Ropar Sainis were included in that district in the colonial accounts. [100]
It is clear from Barstow's account that the majority of the Saini population fell in the areas which are now part of present day Punjab, with a smaller population in the areas falling in present Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, and absolutely no Saini population in UP or Rajasthan or beyond. People returning themselves as Saini in Bijnore and Saharanpur in 1881 census were excluded from Saini category in 1901 census after mistakes of the previous census were detected.[69][101]
Relative population size as per 1881 census
The population of Sainis has not been enumerated separately since independence but their relative population is rather small compared to the other groups. As per 1881 total Saini population all over India was no more than 137,380 which was further reduced to 106,011 in the 1901 census . [69] [101] In the same census the total population of Khatris as 439,089 [69] while according to 1881 census figures the population of Jats was 2630,994 on an all-India basis. This makes proportionate Saini population to be approximately 1/4 of Khatris and 1/25 of Jats.[102]. With 4 Khatris and 25 Jats for every Saini, it is clear that numerically Sainis are among the minority groups when compared to these most significant ethnic groups of present day Indian Punjab and Haryana.
Religion

Though majority of Sainis are Hindu. But with the rise of Sikhism in the fifteenth century, many Sainis converted to the faith so that there is a substantial Sikh Saini population today especially in Punjab and its neighbouring states.
Distinction

The word "Saini" is distinct from the similar-sounding Sahni/Sawhney. Like Saini, Sahni/Sawhney is also a Punjabi clan. However, Sahnis/Sawhneys are a Kukhran Khatri community originating from the town of Bhera in Rawalpindi in Punjab (Pakistan).

Saini Gotras

There are many gotras in the Punjabi Saini community. The most common are generally: Badwal, Banwait, Banga, Bhela, Bola, Chera, Dhak, Dhamrait, Dhanota, Dheri, Dhoot, Dulku, Maheru ,Mundh, Mangar, Mundra, Gehlen, Gahir, Gahunia, Girn, Gidda, Japra, Kalyani, Kalotia, Salaria (Salehri), Nanua, Pabla, Pawan, Paama, Thind, Taunque, Manak,etc.

External Links

http://www.shoorsaini.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saini
References

^ a b c d e f "In the Punjab in the sub- mountainous region the community came to be known as 'Saini'. It maintained its Rajput character despite migration." Castes and Tribes of Rajasthan, pp 108,Sukhvir Singh Gahlot, Banshi Dhar, Jain Brothers, 1989
^ "The Sainis trace their origin to a Rajput clan who came from their original home near Muttra [sic] on the Jumna, south of Delhi, in defence of Hindus against the first Muhammadan invasions." The land of the five rivers; an economic history of the Punjab from the earliest times to the year of grace 1890, pp 100, Hugh Kennedy Trevaskis, [London] Oxford University press, 1928
^ Cite error Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named Shoorsaini; $2
^ a b "In a four-fold division of the Hindu social order, the Sainis invariably claim a Kshatriya origin. Among different groups of Kshatriya, the Sainis are the ones who consider themselves Rajputs." People of India: Haryana, pp 430 , Kumar Suresh Singh, Madan Lal Sharma, A. K. Bhatia, Anthropological Survey of India, Published by Published on behalf of Anthropological Survey of India by Manohar Publishers, 1994
^ Cite error Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named Surasena_as_Yadava; $2
^ "Surasena was a Yadava. One of his descendants could, therefore, call himself a Yadava or a Surasena as he liked..." Chauhān Dynasties: A Study of Chauhān Political History, Chauhān Political Institutions, and Life in the Chauhān Dominions, from 800 to 1316 A.D., By Dasharatha Sharma, pp 103, Published by Motilal Banarsidass, 1975
^ a b Visnu Purana , Section 5
^ a b c "We have assigned to the Yadus the honour of furnishing King Puru, who opposed Alexander" , History of India: (from the earliest times to the fall of the Mughal Empire) , pp 86, 91-95, Indian Press (1947),Dr. Ishwari Prashad, ASIN: B0007KEPTA
^ a b Proceedings, pp 72, Indian History Congress, Published 1957
^ a b According to Arrian, Diodorus, and Strabo, Megasthenes described an Indian tribe called Sourasenoi, who especially worshiped Herakles in their land, and this land had two cities, Methora and Kleisobora, and a navigable river, the Jobares. As was common iin the ancient period, the Greeks sometimes described foreign gods in terms of their own divinities, and there is is a little that the Sourasenoi refers to the Shurasenas, a branch of the Yadu dynasty to which Krishna belonged; Herakles to Krishna, or Hari-Krishna: Mehtora to Mathura, where Krishna was born; Kleisobora to Krishnapura, meaning the "the city of Krishna"; and the Jobares to the Yamuna, the famous river in the Krishna story. Qunitus Curtius also mentions that when Alexander the Great confronted Porus, Porus's soldiers were carrying an image of Herakles in their vanguard. Krishna: a sourcebook, pp 5, Edwin Francis Bryant, Oxford University Press US, 2007
^ a b c "This Herakles is held in special honour by the Sourasenoi, an Indian tribe, who possess two large cities, Methora and Cleisobora" Arrian, Indika, viii, Methora is Mathura ; Growse (Mathura, 3rd ed. 279) suggests Cleisbora is Krisnhapura , 'city of Krishna', ANNALS AND ANTIQUITIES OF RAJASTHAN, James Tod, Vol. 1, pp 36, Oxford University Press, 1920
^ The other 'agriculturists' were Rajputs, Mughals and Pathans with some Gujars and Dogars."The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab,pp 149, By Rajit K. Mazumder, Permanent Black
^ Cite error Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named Saini_Rajput2; $2
^ The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab,pp 99, 205, By Rajit K. Mazumder, Permanent Black
^ Annual Class Return, 1919, pp 364-7
^ Annual Class Return,1925, pp 96-99
^ a b c "The Order of St. George, Imperial Russia's highest exclusively military order, was instituted in 1769 and came to be considered among the most prestigious military awards in the world... The order was awarded to officers and generals for special gallantry, such as, personally leading his troops in rout of a superior enemy force, or capturing a fortress, etc. Before membership in the Order could be granted, a candidate's case had to be investigated by a council composed of Knights of the Order." Source: http://www.gwpda.org/medals/russmedl/russia.html
^ a b "I will give you here the names of three of those men who have earned fame by their heroism. Jamadar Gurmukh Singh, a Saini Sikh of Gadram Badi in Rupar, won the 1st Class Order of Merit and the 2nd Class Cross of the Russian Order of St. George for his splendid courage on the night of the 1st March 1916 when he advanced under the greatest difficulties, continually crawling forward and digging himself in." War speeches (1918), pp 128 , Author: O'Dwyer, Michael Francis, (Sir) 1864-, Subject: World War, 1914-1918; World War, 1914-1918 -- Punjab Publisher: Lahore Printed by the Superintendent Government Printing
^ a b c "his conspicuous gallantry in action on the 17th November 1914 when with a party of Sappers under the command of a British Officer he was always to the fore and led his men with great determination into the enemy's trenches. Subedar-Major Jagindar Singh, Saini Sikh of Kheri Salabatpur in Bupar, gained the 2nd Class Order of Merit at the battle of Loos in Belgium for striking leadership and conspicuous bravery in action after most of his company and all but one British Officer in his regiment had been killed or wounded. This officer was also awarded the 2nd Class of the Order of British India for distinguished conduct in the field."War speeches (1918), pp 129, Author: O'Dwyer, Michael Francis, (Sir) 1864-, Subject: World War, 1914-1918; World War, 1914-1918 -- Punjab Publisher: Lahore Printed by the Superintendent Government Printing
^ a b c Final Report of Revised Settlement, Hoshiarpur District, pp 58, 59 1879-84 By J. A. L. Montgomery
^ a b c d e " Chaudhri Dewan Chand Saini was another lawyer practicing on the criminal side those days. Later on he became Rai Sahib and leader of the Criminal Bar, but unfortunately died of cancer at a comparatively young age." Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India, pp 45,Mehr Chand Mahajan, Published by Asia Pub. House, 1963
^ a b History of Hisar: From Inception to Independence, 1935-1947, pp 312, M. M. Juneja, Published by Modern Book Co., 1989
^ a b c d e f The Punjab Legislative Council Debates. Official Report,pp 1028 & 1047, Published By Legislative Council, Punjab (India), 1936, Item notes: v.27, Original from the University of California, Digitized 7 Feb 2007
^ a b c Who's who of Indian Martyrs, pp 83, 165, By Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan, India Ministry of Home Affairs, Published by Ministry of Education and Youth Services, Govt. of India, Item notes: v.1, Original from the University of Michigan
^ a b "..the second martyr of march 16 was Harnam Singh Saini of Fatehgarh, Hoshiarpur. He was arrested from Battavia by the Dutch." A day to remember Lahore's martyrs, 16 Mar 2002, KS Dhaliwal, Time of India[1]
^ Cite error Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named Mahan_Singh; $2
^ a b Senior journalist, Punjabi writer Ajit Saini passes away , Punjab Newsline Network, Monday, 10 December 2007
^ Cite error Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named Raja_Nahar_Singh_Ka_Balidan; $2
^ "The members of Saini community are employed in business and white-collar jobs and as teachers, administrators, lawyers, doctors and defence personnel." People of India, National Series Volume VI, India's Communities N-Z, pp 3091, KS Singh, Anthropological Survey of India, Oxford University Press, 1998
^ Cite error Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named Marriage_mores; $2
^ People of India: Haryana, pp 437 , Kumar Suresh Singh, Madan Lal Sharma, A. K. Bhatia, Anthropological Survey of India, Published by Published on behalf of Anthropological Survey of India by Manohar Publishers, 1994
^ "To convince the reader I do not build upon nominal resemblance , when localities do not bear me out, he is requested to call to mind , that we have elsewhere assigned to Yadus of the Punjab the honour of furnishing the well known king named Porus; although the Puar, the usual pronunciation of Pramar, would afford a more ready solution." Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, pp 283, By James Tod, Edition: 2, Published by Asian Educational Services, 2001, ISBN 8120612892, 9788120612891
^ Ghazni to Jaiselmer (Pre-medieval History of the Bhatis), pp 93, Hari Singh Bhati, Publisher: Hari Singh Bhati, 1998, Printers: Sankhala Printers, Bikaner
^ Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han, Or, The Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, James Tod, pp 36, Published by Higginbotham and co., 1873, Item notes: v. 1, Original from Oxford University
^ Chandragupta Maurya: a gem of Indian history‎, pp 76, Purushottam Lal Bhargava, Edition: 2, illustrated, Published by D.K. Printworld, 1996
^ A Comprehensive History of India: The Mauryas & Satavahanas, pp 383, edited by K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri, Bharatiya Itihas Parishad, Published by Orient Longmans, 1992, Original from the University of California
^ Cite error Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named Cunningham1; $2
^ a b c REPORT OF A TOUR IN EASTERN RAJPUTANA IN 1882-83 , VOLUME XX, A. Cunningham, Archaeological Survey of India, pp 59, Published by Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1885 ,Item notes: v.20 1882-1883, Original from the University of Michigan
^ a b "In Jullundhur the Sainis are said to claim Rajput origin...and lived principally in the Muttra district. When Mahmud of Ghazni invaded India their ancestors came into Jullundur and settled down there...". See pp 346 of Denzil Ibbetson, Edward MacLagan, H.A. Rose "A Glossary of The Tribes & Casts of The Punjab & North-West Frontier Province", 1990
^ " When Muhammad Ghori captured Tahangarh many of the Jadon families dispersed and settled wherever they could find a home. " REPORT OF A TOUR IN EASTERN RAJPUTANA IN 1882-83 , VOLUME XX, A. Cunningham, Archaeological Survey of India, pp 25, Published by Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1885, Item notes: v.20 1882-1883, Original from the University of Michigan
^ Freedom Struggle of India by Sikhs and Sikhs in India: The Facts World Must Know, pp87, By Gurdial Singh Grewal,Published by Sant Isher Singh Rarewala Education Trust, 1991, Item notes: v.1, Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 2 Sep 2008
^ Shaheed Gulab Singh Saini, by B.P. Dheeraj (Correspondent), Punjab Kesari, March 12, 1997 Edition
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Flame of Freedom and Hoshiarpur District, pp 6, pp 157, pp 168, pp 175, pp 211, pp 224, pp 232, pp 233, O. P. Ralhan, Research India Publications, 1992
^ Sikh Encyclopedia
^ a b c d e f Who's Who: Punjab Freedom Fighters: Punjab Freedom Fighters, pp 152,156, 205, 304, 430, 476, By Fauja Singh, Chaman Lal Datta, Bakhshish Singh, Punjabi University, Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies, Published by Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University, 1991, Original from the University of Michigan
^ Post-independence India, pp 203, Om Prakash Ralhan, Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 2002
^ A Guide to Sources, Ghadar Movement, pp 79, By Darshan Singh Tatla, Published by Guru Nanak Dev University, 2003
^ The Political Memoirs of an Indian Revolutionary,pp 82, By Naina Singh Dhoot, Surinder Singh, Published by Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 2005, Original from the University of Michigan
^ Forgotten warriors of Indian war of independence, 1941-1946: Indian National Army, S. S. Yadava, All India INA Committee, Hope India Publications, 2005
^ a b c d e f g h i History of the Babar Akalis, pp 494, 606, Bakhshish Singh Nijjar, Published by ABS Publications, 1987, Original from the University of Michigan. Note: According to this author the village Pandori Ganga Singh was entirely Saini owned.
^ THE GHADR DIRECTORY, COMPILED BY The Director, Intelligence Bureau, Home Department Government of India,1934 [2]
^ a b Who's who of Delhi Freedom Fighters, pp 224, 278, By Prabha Chopra, Uma Prasad Thapliyal, Published by Gazetteer Unit, Delhi Administration, 1985, Original from the University of Michigan
^ Agrarian Scene in British Punjab, pp 71, By Hari Singh, Published by People's Pub. House, 1983, Item notes: v.2, Original from the University of Michigan
^ a b Farmers protest against non-payment of dues, 10 Sep 2002, The Tribune, Chandigarh, India[3]
^ a b Rebels Against the Raj: Who is who of Freedom Fighters in Haryana, 1885-1947, pp 59, 116, By Kripal Chandra Yadav, Rāmeśvara Dāsa, Published by Mounto Pub. House, 1994
^ Archaeology of Bet Dwarka Island: An Excavation Report/A.S. Gaur, Sundaresh and K.H. Vora. New Delhi, Aryan Books International, 2005
^ Sri Dasam Granth, pp 1368, verse 141
^ see page 541 of the above referenced book by Ellot and Dowson [4]
^ This account tallies with Cunningham's account of the ruling Surasena (Saini) Yadavas of Mathura region prior to the Turk invasion. See pp 57, REPORT OF A TOUR IN EASTERN RAJPUTANA IN 1882-83 , VOLUME XX, A. Cunningham, Archaeological Survey of India, Published by Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1885 ,Item notes: v.20 1882-1883, Original from the University of Michigan
^ a b Gurdashan Singh Dhillon, "The Sikh Rule and Ranjit Singh", A Gateway to Sikhism
^ Ahluwalia, M.L., Bhai Maharaj Singh. Patiala, 1992
^ Kirpal Singh, Bhdl Maharaj Singh : Panjab de Modhi Swatantarta Sangramie. Amritsar, 1966.
^ ^ Harbans Singh, "The Sikh Encyclopedia",
^ Documents Relating to Bhai Maharaj Singh, Died as State Prisoner on 5th July 1856 at Singapur, pp 228, By Nahar Singh, Published by Sikh History Source Material Search Association, 1968, Original from the University of Michigan , Digitized 3 Aug 2007 389 pages
^ Sant Nihal Singh, Alias Bhai Maharaj Singh: A Saint-revolutionary of the 19th Century Punjab, pp 105 & 114, By M. L. Ahluwalia, Published by Punjabi University, 1972, Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 31 Oct 2006, 117 pages
^ Freedom Struggle of India by Sikhs and Sikhs in India: The Facts World Must Know, pp87, By Gurdial Singh Grewal,Published by Sant Isher Singh Rarewala Education Trust, 1991, Item notes: v.1, Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 2 Sep 2008
^ Rebels Against the British Rule ,pp 190, By Nahar Singh, Kirpal Singh, Published by Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 1989, Item notes: v.2, Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 2 Sep 2008
^ a b c Post-Pāinian Systems of Sanskrit Grammar,Dedication page, Ranjit Singh Saini , Published by Parimal Publications, 1999
^ a b c d Census of India, 1901, pp 50, By India Census Commissioner, Edward Albert Gait, Published by Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1902
^ "In the 1881 Census, there were only 132,000 Sainis in Punjab, but Sidhus, a Jat tribe, numbered 208,000." Peasant Communities of Punjab ,By Kulwant Singh Virk [5]
^ Asian Recorder,pp 16492 Published by K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press, 1982, Item notes: 1982, Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 26 Aug 2008
^ Forefront for Ever: The History of the Mahar Regiment, By V. Longer, pp 271, Published by Mahar Regimental Centre, 1981
^ IC-36200[6]
^ http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Record/view.php?srnum=7017
^ Indian Air Force VSM List Award Date 26 Jan 91, Announced 26 Jan 91[7]
^ Limca Book of Records, pp 343, Published by Bisleri Beverages Ltd., 1998
^ [8]
^ IC-39436 [9]
^ IC-47701[10]
^ Gazette of India , 16th April 1977 - No.38 - Pres/77 dated 26th January 1977
^ IC-10902, 1970[11]
^ "The Saini have a Salahri got." Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province, pp 848, H. A. Rose, IBBETSON, Maclagan, Published by Asian Educational Services, 1990 2076 pages
^ a b "The Saini do not appear to have returned any large clans except in Hushyárpiir, of which district some of the largest clans are shown in the margin, and in Gurdáspur where 1,541 Saini showed their clans as Salahria." W.Chichele Plowden , ( 1883 ), Census of British India taken on the 17th of February 1881, Volume III , London , Eyre and Spottiswoode , p. 257
^ Where Gallantry is Tradition: Saga of Rashtriya Indian Military College : Plantinum Jubilee Volume, 1997, By Bikram Singh, Sidharth Mishra, Rashtriya Indian Military College, Contributor Rashtriya Indian Military College, Edition: illustrated, Published by Allied Publishers, 1997
^ IC-50950 [12]
^ 21021 F(P)
^ http://www.jandkpolice.org/RightToInfoAct.htm
^ KS Pabla & Chittranjan Garu of A&N Police Chosen for President’s Medal [13]
^ http://www.mha.gov.in/writereaddata/12328936951_ppm-rd09.pdf
^ http://india.gov.in/myindia/gal_08.html
^ Akali Lahir de Mahan Neta. Amritsar, 1976
^ Ashok, Shamsher Singh, Panjab dian Lahiran. Patiala, 1974
^ Pratap Singh, Giani, Gurdwara Sudhar arthat Akali. Lahir. Amritsar, 1975
^ Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh, Shiromani Akali Dal. Chandigarh, 1980
^ Shiromani Akali Dal, By O. P. Ralhan,pp 305, Published by Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 1998ISBN 8174884750, 9788174884756
^ Senior journalist, Punjabi writer Ajit Saini passes away , Punjab Newsline Network, Monday, 10 December 2007
^ Limca Book of Records, pp 219, Published by Bisleri Beverages Ltd., 1997, Item notes: 1997, Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 4 Sep 2008
^ "I was born in 1935 in Govindpura village in Muzaffargarh district in West Pakistan in a Rajput Rathore family", Interview with Flying Sikh Milkha Singh, Sify Sports, August 8, Friday, 2008 [14]
^ The Sikhs, an Ethnology: An Ethnology, pp 71, By A. E. Barstow Published by B.R. Pub. Corp., 1985, Original from the University of Michigan
^ The Social & Economic History of Punjab, 1901-1939 (including Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh, Administrative Divisions of the Punjab), pp 367, B. S. Saini MA Ph.D, Ess Ess Publications, Delhi, 1975
^ Cite error Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named 1901_Census-Bijnor; $2
^ W.Chichele Plowden , ( 1883 ), The Indian Empire Census of 1881 Statistics of Population Vol. II. , Calcutta , Superintendent of Government Printing India , p. 30